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长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 《第一章 五大短语》

发布时间:2012-7-2      阅读次数:1301

 

长难句分析与翻译十大基本功 《第一章 五大短语》

   

                        第一章 五大短语

            介词短语

            介词是学习英语的难点之一,特别在阅读过程中是一个"拦路虎"。介词短语是构成长难句的一个重要因素。介词短语可用作定语、状语、表语和补足语。介词可与动词、名词、形容词等连用。

            这里特别指出一种介词复合结构,with(without)构成的复合结构,这种复合结构的形式有:

            ·with+名词十分词

            ·with+名词+介词

            ·with+名词+形容词

            ·with+名词+动词不定式

            这种结构在句中起状语、定语作用,或用来对句子或某一成分作补充说明。在这种结构中,with没有实际词意。在翻译时可把名词和其后的介词短语或形容词当作主语和表语的关系来处理;把名词和其后的分词或动词不定式当作主语和谓语关系来处理。

 

            (一)with+名词十分词的结构

            这种结构在英语中可称为"分词复合结构"。它在句中可作定语或状语。在科技文章中常用来对句子或某个成分作补充说明。

            (1) If something is moving,with nothing touching it,it will go on

            forever,coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line.

            正在运动的某一物体,如果没有受到任何外力触动,它将永远继续作匀速直线运动。(条件状语)

            (2)The light we see,with its colors ranging from deep red to deep

            violet,serves us in our daily lives.

            我们看到的从深红色到深紫色的光,在日常生活中为我们服务。(作非限定性定语,修饰light。)

            (3)With more experimenting being doing every year,much of

            photosythesis will certainly be known before very long.

            随着每年所进行的实验增多,可以肯定,不久将会对光合作用了解得更多。(条件状语)

            (4)The article deals with microwaves,with particular attention being

            paid to radio location.

            这篇文章是研究微波的,其中特别注意无线电定位问题。(with...location是分词复合结构,在句中作补充说明。)

            (5) The bottom layer is solid bedrock,with its upper edges slowly

            decomposing,or decay-

            ing,and flaking off.

            底层是坚硬的基岩,它最上面的边缘在慢慢地分解、腐蚀和剥落。(非限定性定语,修饰Solidbedrock。)

            (6)Ice,of relative density 0.9,floats in water with ninetenth

            submerged.

            冰的比重为0.9,它浮在水面上时,9/10淹没在水里。(方式方法状语)

            (二)with+名词+介词的结构

            (1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion

            in it being visible.

            麦克斯韦指出,即使看不见物体内部的分子运动,物体也可能是热的。(让步状语)

            (2)Under a microscope,a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a

            thin wall round it.

            在显微镜下,细胞看上去如一滴透明的胶状物体,周围有一层很薄的壁。(with..it作定语,用来修饰jelly。)

            (3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the

            motion of bodies,with rest as a special case of motion.

            力学是自然科学的一个分支,它研究物体的运动,而把静止看成是运动的一种特殊情况。(with引出的复合结构起补充说明作用。)

            (4)Carbon,with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus,has 6

            electrons.

            碳有6个电子,而在其原子核内尚有6个质子和6个中子。(with

            6protons...in...用来对carbon作补充说明,有非限定定语意味。)

            (5) The rocket engine,with its steady roar like that of a waterfall

            or a thunderstorm,is an impressive symbol of the new space age.

            火箭发动机以其类似于瀑布或大雷雨的持续轰鸣给人以深刻印象,成为太空新时代的象征。(with...roar

            like...是非限定性定语,修饰engine。)

            (6)In each case the crystals,small or large,are naturally bounded by

            square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes,but with each

            face always at right angles to each adjacent face.

            在每种情况下,各个晶体不论大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作为自己的界面,这些晶面大小不一,但每一晶面总是垂直于每一相邻面。(with...face...at...是复合结构,作定语,修饰crystal

            faces。)

            (三)with+名词+形容词的结构

            (1)We have discussed fluorescence,which is sensitive to radiations

            with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons.

            我们已经讨论过荧光,荧光对等于或大于可见光光子能量的辐射是很敏感的。(with十名词+形容词的复合结构,起定语作用,修饰radiations。)

            (2)In simple harmonic motion,where there is no damping,the energy of

            the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and

            back,with the total energy constant.

            在没有阻力的简谐运动中,振动质点的能量由动能变为势能,或由势能变为动能,但总能量不变。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构在句中有结果状语的意味。)

            (3)An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms,each"which

            normally contains an equal number of electrons and protons,but with

            some electrons temporarily free from atoms.

            不带电的物体含有大量原子,每个原子通常含有等量的电子和质子,但是有一些电子暂时脱离了原子的束缚。(with+名词+形容词的复合结构,对句子起补充说明作用。)

            (4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life

            on Mars are much brighter.

            由于水的存在,在火星上找到某种生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。 (with water present作原因状语。)

            (四)with+名词十动词不定式的结构

            (1)In outer space,with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse

            it,sunlight is infinitely more powerful than on earth.

            在外层空间,由于没有大气保护层对阳光的保护作用,那里的阳光要比地球上强烈得多。(swaddling"襁褓",这里有"保护"的含义。with引出的复合结构用作原因状语。)

            (2)At present,about 80 different metals are known to man.But with so

            many metals to choose from,the question arises:which metal shall we

            use?

            目前,人们已知的金属大约有80种。由于有这么多的金属可供选择,于是便产生了一个问题:我们将采用哪种金属呢?(with引出的复合结构用作原因状语。)

 

            介词短语在句中分析与翻译的实例

            1.You can already buy small Video telephones,with buildn-screen and

            cameras,that transmit

            Still images over regular telephone lines to anyone else with a

            Video telephone.

            现在已能买到小型的电视电话机,机上装有屏幕和摄像机,可以通过平常的电话线把静止的图像传送给任何一个有电视电话的人。(with...cameras用作独立定语,修饰telephones。)

            2.The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in

            accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant

            facts that can be collected by observation and experiment.

            科学工作者力图精确地描述这些问题,然后根据通过观察和实验收集到的有关事实来解决这些问题。(介词短语in accurate

            terms作方式方法状语,说明to formulate。in the light…experiment作方式方法状语,说明to

            solve。)

            3.The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system,with a nucleus

            as the"sun''and electrons as the"planets''revolving in orbits around

            the nucleus.

            原子类似于一个小型太阳系,原子核可看作"太阳",电子可看作是沿轨道绕着核旋转的"行星"。(analogous

            to,"与……相似"。with a nucleus as..,and(with)electrons

            as.是with引出的复合结构,用来对solar system作补充说明。)

            4.The unit of heat on the c.g.s.system is the calorie, which is

            established as the amount of heat required to raise one gramme of

            water by one degree centigrade.

            热的厘米·克·秒制单位是卡,将1克水升高摄氏1度所需的热量定为1卡。(c.g.s.system

            =centimeter-gramsecond

            system,"厘米·克·秒制"。介词短语on...system作定语,修饰unit。by所引导的介词短语是raise要求的,这里by表示数量增减的绝对值。例如:increase

            by 10%,"增加10%";decrease by two orders of magnitude,"减小两个数量级"。)

            5.Sometimes the individual crystals,with plane faces and sharp edges

            and comers,are visible to the naked eye,and sometimes they can be

            seen only under a microscope.

            单晶有时用肉眼就能看得到,有时只有在显微镜下才能看得见,这种单晶有着平的晶面和锐利的棱角。(with plane

            faces...corners是介词短语用作独立定语,修饰crystals。)

            6.Modern Japan and other Oriental countries are emerging with the

            irresistible urge for better standards"living and a novel, powerful

            role in the world's economy.

            在不可阻挡地迫切要求提高生活水平和在世界经济中发挥新的、强有力的作用的驱使下,现代的日本和其他东方国家正在崛起。(with..economy有条件状语的意味,用来修饰emerging。)

            7.Liquids,however,are highly incompressible;that is,very large

            pressures,of the order of thousands of tons per square inch,are

            required to diminish their volumes appreciably.

            但是,液体是非常不易压缩的;要明显地压缩液体的体积,就需要巨大的压力,其数量级达每平方英寸几千吨。(介词短语of the order...inch是独立定语,修饰pressures。)

译路通武汉翻译公司整理

2012.7.2

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