42. Islam, on the other hand, represented a radical breakaway from the Arab paganism that preceded it; Islamic law is the result of an examination, from a religious angle, (examination) of legal subject matter that was far from uniform, comprising as it did the various components of the laws of pre-Islamic Arabia and numerous legal elements taken over from the non-Arab peoples of the conquered territories. (as it did )实际上是一句插入语。
另一方面，伊斯兰教则代表着与此前存在的阿拉伯异教（Arab paganism）的一种根本上的决裂；伊斯兰法是从宗教的角度，对各种杂乱无章、绝无共同点的法律内容进行考察所致的结果，而这些法律内容实际上是由前伊斯兰阿拉伯国家（Pre-Islamic Arabia）法律的不尽相同的组成部分以及由从被征服的土地上非阿拉伯民族借鉴过来的无数法律因素所构成。
43. One such novel idea is that (idea) of inserting into the chromosomes of plants discrete genes that are not a part of the plants’ natural constitution; specifically, the idea of inserting into nonleguminous plants the genes, if they can be identified and isolated, that fit the leguminous plants to be hosts for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Hence, (there is ) the intensified research on legumes.
这其中的一个新颖思想就是，在植物的染色体（chromosome）内注入并非是该植物自然构造一个部分的那些不相关联的因基：具体而言，这一思想是，在非豆科植物内注入这样一些基因，倘若这些基因可被辨识出来并被分离开来，而这些基因业已使豆科植物宜于充当那些具备固氮作用的细菌的寄主。由此，对豆科植物的研究日趋深入。
44. It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availability of nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’ leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。
45. Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found， becomes possible.
除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体（gene complex），一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。
46. Its subject（to use Maynard Mack’s categories）is "life-as-spectacle，" for readers， diverted by its various incidents，observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without；the tragic Iliad，however，presents "life-as-experience"：readers are asked to identify with the mind of Achilles，whose motivations render him a not particularly likable hero. （5）
其主题〔若借鉴梅纳德。迈克（Maynard Mack）的两个分类范畴的话〕是“人生作为外部景象”，因为读者的注意力被作品那形形色色的事件所分散，主要是从外部来观察其主人公奥德修斯（Odyssus）的；然而，富于悲剧色彩的《伊利亚特》所表现的则是“人生作为内心体验”：读者被要求与阿基琉斯（Achilles）的心灵产生共鸣，而其行为动机却致使他变作一个并非特别惹人喜爱的主人公。 （从分号后的语句推理出前面的意思）
注：hero:主人公；without:外部；likable:有吸引力的
47. The best evidence for the layered-mantle thesis is the well-established fact that volcanic rocks found on oceanic islands, islands believed to result from mantle plumes arising from the lower mantle, are composed of material fundamentally different from that of the mid-ocean ridge system， whose source, most geologists contend, is the upper mantle.
对于地幔分层论点来说，最好的证据乃这样一个确认的事实，即在那些海洋岛屿——这些岛屿据信是源于由下层地幔升上来的地幔柱状溶岩流（mantle plume）——上发现的火山岩石，是由与海洋中部山脊系统的物质根本不同的物质构成的，而这一海洋中部山脊系统的成因，大多数地质学家论辩道，为上部地幔。
48. Some geologists, however, on the basis of observations concerning mantle xenoliths， argue that the mantle is not layered, but that heterogeneity is created by fluids rich in "incompatible elements" （elements tending toward liquid rather than solid state） percolating upward and transforming portions of the upper mantle irregularly, according to the vagaries of the fluids’ pathways.
但是，某些地质学家，以对地幔捕虏岩体（xenolith）所作的观察为依据，指出地幔并非是分层排列的，相反，地幔的异质性是由那些富含“不兼容成分”的流质构成的，这些成分趋向于流体而非固体的状态，自下而上渗透扩散，并依照这些流质流向的任意性，不规则地将上部地幔的某些部分予以改变。
49. It is possible to make specific complementary DNA’s （cDNA’s）that can serve as molecular probes to seek out the messenger RNA’s （mRNA’s）of the peptide hormones.
科学家可以制造出特异的（specific）互补DNA’s（cDNA’s），以此作为分子探子（molecular probe），探觅出肽激素的信使RNA’s（mRNA’s）。
50．The molecular approach to detecting peptide hormones using cDNA probes should also be much faster than the immunological method because it can take years of tedious purifications to isolate peptide hormones and then develop antiserums to them.
采用cDNA探子来测定肽激素的这一分子生物学方法同时也应该比免疫学的方法速度来得快，因为对于免疫的方法来说，需耗费好几年枯燥的提纯进程，方能将肽素分离了出来，然后再培养出针对它们的抗血清。
51. Nevertheless, researchers of the Pleistocene epoch have developed all sorts of more or less fanciful model schemes of how they would have arranged the Ice Age had they been in charge of events.
然而，研究更新世的研究者发展除了各种各样的或多或少有些奇怪思想的模型系统，用来显示如果由他们来决定地质事件的话他们将会如何安排冰川纪。
52. This succession was based primarily on a series of deposits and events not directly related to glacial and interglacial periods, rather than on the more usual modern method of studying biological remains found in interglacial beds themselves interstratified within glacial deposits.
这一序列演替（succession）所依据的，主要是一系列与冰川期和间冰期并不直接相关的地质沉积物和地质事件，而不是依据更为普遍的现代方法，去研究间冰层（interglacial bed）中所发现的生物残留物，而这些间冰层本身又在冰川沉积物发生间层化（interstatified）。
53．There have been attempts to explain these taboos in terms of inappropriate social relationships either between those who are involved and those who are not simultaneously involved in the satisfaction of a bodily need, or between those already satiated and those who appear to be shamelessly gorging.
人们试图对这些禁忌作出解释，所依据的要幺是那些正置身于某一身体需要满足的人与那些并置身于某一身体需要之满足的人之间的，要幺是那些早已酒足饭饱的人与那些正在不知羞耻地狼吞虎咽失之间的不相称的社会关系。
54．Granted that the presence of these elements need not argue an authorial awareness of novelistic construction comparable to that of Henry James， their presence does encourage attempts to unify the novel’s heterogeneous parts.
诚然，这些因素的存在并不能证明作者对小说架构的意识可与亨利。詹姆斯（Henry James）的那种意识相比拟；然则，任何力图将小说所有形形色色的因素统一起来的做法，在某种程度上注定是无法令人信服的。 Granted that:大家都统一、当然，表让步，=admitted , of course.
55．It is not known how rare this resemblance is, or whether it is most often seen in inclusions of silicates such as garnet, whose crystallography is generally somewhat similar to that of diamond； but when present, the resemblance is regarded as compelling evidence that the diamonds and inclusions are truly cogenetic.
现在尚不知这种类似稀少到何种地步，也不知道是否它最常见于象石榴石一类的硅酸盐内含物中，而这类物质的晶体结构普遍地在某种程度上类似于金刚石的晶体结构。但一旦存在，这种类似就被视作极有说服力的证据，证明金刚石与内含物确是同源的。
56．Even the "radical" critiques of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority.
即使是对这一主流研究模型的“激进”批评，诸如《分裂的社会》（Divided Society）一书中所提出的那种批判，亦将少数民族同化问题过分机械地与经济和社会移动性的因素联系起来，因此无从阐明波多黎各人作为一个殖民地少数民族的文化从属关系。
57．I can think of a good few medical students who would willingly “work their way through colleges” by filling in as nurses at our understaffed hospitals.
我可以想象不少读医的学生是愿意来我们人手不足的医院临时充当护士，以此来挣钱读完大学的。分析：fill in用做及物动词词组，和a blank/a check./a form等搭配时，是做“填写”、“填入”解释的，但是如果用作不及物动词词组时，和for sb. as sb.搭配，就是做“暂时代替”来解释。
58．(An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities.) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
批评智力的测试不反映上述情况，就好比批评温度计不能测出风速一样。
分析：很多情况下，failure这个词是做“失败”解释的，但是，当failure后面接动词不定式，形成failure to do sth.的结构的时候，这个failure就应当解释为“未能”、“没有”。
59．It seems to me that the time is ripe for the Department of Employment and the Department of Education to get together with the universities and produce a revised educational system which will make a more economic use of the wealth of talent, application and industry currently being wasted on certificates, diplomas and degrees that no one wants to know about.
我认为时机已成熟。就业部门和教育部门应同大学携起手来，修正我们的教育制度，使之能比较合理地使用学生的才能、勤奋和刻苦。而现在他们这些才能和努力都浪费在无人感兴趣的证书、文凭和学位上。
分析：虽然application常做“申请”解释，但是由上下文来看，这里显然不是这个意思，而是另一个意思：勤奋刻苦。同样，industry也有这个问题，它多做“工业”解释，但根据上下文应当是“勤劳”的意思。此外，这里的economic也是误译，只是看它和economy有些像，就想当然地译成“经济”，这是不对的，应当是看它在文章里的具体环境，采用“节约的”、“合理的”这个译法。
60．(There is a definite link between smoking and heart disease and lung cancer.) But this doesn’t make you too uncomfortable because you are in good company.
但这并不能使人们感到太多不舒服，因为和你一样抽烟的人很多。
分析：company作可数和不可数名词时的意义是不同的。作可数名词时是“公司”，而作不可数名词时是“伙伴”、“伴侣”的意思，要格外小心。
61．He stepped right in after them, like it or not, and he was determined that nothing as petty as good manners should keep him from a chance of enlightenment.
他不管人家欢迎不欢迎，紧跟着他们走了进去。什幺礼貌不礼貌，他顾不得这一套。他决心不错过这个机会，把心里的问题弄明白。
分析：enlightenment在词典中的意思确实是“启蒙”、“启发”，但是在这里如果原封不动地照搬，不仅生硬，且不符合原文意思，这里就需要我们把它的引申意义找出来，即“把问题搞清楚”。
62．Until the World War brought chaos to most of their institutions, their whole lives were regulated; perhaps more than those of any other people save the Spaniards, by a regard for precedent.
在第一次世界大战给他们的大部分风俗习惯带来变化之前，他们的所有生活，除了西班牙人之外，或许比其它民族都更受到先例的制约。
分析：save可以用作动词，但是如果作为动宾结构的话，它的主语又是什幺呢？perhaps more than those of any other people和perhaps more than thirty people是两种不同的结构，后者是名词短语，可以作主语；但是前者只是一个形容词短语，不能做主语。其次，如果by a regard for precedent是save的状语的话，前面也没有必要用逗号隔开。实际上，这个by a regard for precedent是和were regulated组成的一个被动结构：were regulated by…。这样，save这一部分就不是一个句子，只是一个修饰成分。事实上，save是个介词，作“除了”解，相当于but，或是except。
63．It is the two superpowers that should be responsible for the hostilities in the Middle East．应对中东战争（×敌对状态）负责的是两个超级大国。
有一些名词，特别是抽象名词的单数变成复数后，意义是不一样的。“hostility单数作“enmity，“ill will“敌意”“敌视”解，但“hostilities复数作“war“战争”解。
64. ）．．．he let the line slip down，down，down，unrolling off the first of the two reserve coils．……他就松手让钓丝滑下去，下去，下去，把两卷备用的（×多余的）钓丝也松开了一卷。
reserve有“预备着的”，“多余的”意思，这里应是“备用”之意。
译路通武汉汉口翻译公司整理
2012.7.21